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Andon Kalchev
Andon Kalchev (1910–1948) was a Bulgarian scientist, army officer, one of the leaders of the Bulgarian-backed Ohrana, a paramilitary formation of Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia during World War II Axis occupation. He was active outside the Bulgarian occupied area of Macedonia, under the tolerance of the Italian and German authorities which used him in their fights with rival Greek EAM-ELAS and Yugoslav Communist resistance groups. Because of his activity, he was sentenced to death by Greek military tribunal, and was executed by firing squad on August 27, 1948.
==Early life==
He was born in ''Zhuzheltsi'', Ottoman Empire, today Spilia, Kastoria regional unit in Greece in 1910. After the Balkan Wars in 1913, Greece took control of southern Macedonia and began an official policy of forced assimilation which included the settlement of Greeks from other provinces into southern Macedonia, as well as the linguistic and cultural Hellenization of the ethnic Bulgarians.〔The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Dennis Hupchik〕〔http://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/greece/greece945.pdf〕 The Greeks expelled Bulgarian Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches. Bulgarian language (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.〔Ivo Banac, ("The Macedoine" ) in "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", pp. 307-328, Cornell University Press, 1984, retrieved on September 8, 2007.〕
Within Greece, the Macedonian Bulgarians were designated "Slavophone Greeks".〔Nationality on the Balkans. The case of the Macedonians, by F. A. K. Yasamee. Balkans: A Mirror of the New World Order, Istanbul: EREN, 1995; pp. 121-132.〕 After the Balkan Wars and especially after the First World War more than 100,000 Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia and Western Thrace moved to Bulgaria. At this time the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) began sending armed cheti into Greek Macedonia and Thrace to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population. Kalchev came from a well known IMRO Bulgarian local family,〔Macedonia'a Secret Army: The IMRO Militia and Volunteer Battalions, 1943-44, Victoria Nichols, Europa Books Incorporated, 2000, ISBN 1-891227-21-1, p. 17.〕〔Bŭlgarite v Egeĭska Makedonia: mit ili realnost: istoriko-demografsko izsledvane, 1900-1990, Georgi Daskalov, Makedonski Nauchen Institutt, 1996, ISBN 954-8187-27-2, p. 273.〕 which emigrated from Greek Macedonia to Balchik, Bulgaria after World War I following the 1919 Greek-Bulgarian forced population exchange. Kalchev graduated at a gymnazium in Sofia and then at the Leipzig University. Later he went back to Bulgaria, where he graduated also at a military officer's school in Sofia.
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